南沙太平島生物多樣性之調查計畫 Investigation Project on the Biodiversity in Taiping Island

Enregistrements de données

Les données de cette ressource données d'échantillonnage ont été publiées sous forme d'une Archive Darwin Core (Darwin Core Archive ou DwC-A), le format standard pour partager des données de biodiversité en tant qu'ensemble d'un ou plusieurs tableurs de données. Le tableur de données du cœur de standard (core) contient 153 enregistrements.

3 tableurs de données d'extension existent également. Un enregistrement d'extension fournit des informations supplémentaires sur un enregistrement du cœur de standard (core). Le nombre d'enregistrements dans chaque tableur de données d'extension est illustré ci-dessous.

Cet IPT archive les données et sert donc de dépôt de données. Les données et métadonnées de la ressource sont disponibles pour téléchargement dans la section téléchargements. Le tableau des versions liste les autres versions de chaque ressource rendues disponibles de façon publique et permet de tracer les modifications apportées à la ressource au fil du temps.

Versions

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Comment citer

Les chercheurs doivent citer cette ressource comme suit:

Shao K, Song Y, Lin H, Severinghaus L, Chang H, Fan T, Hsieh C, Cheng I, Tew K, Lo W, Soong K, Chiu Y, Chan T, Peng C, Hsu Y (2025). 南沙太平島生物多樣性之調查計畫 Investigation Project on the Biodiversity in Taiping Island. Version 1.1. Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility (TaiBIF). Samplingevent dataset. https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=nstpi2014&v=1.1

Droits

Les chercheurs doivent respecter la déclaration de droits suivante:

L’éditeur et détenteur des droits de cette ressource est Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility (TaiBIF). Ce travail est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0.

Enregistrement GBIF

Cette ressource a été enregistrée sur le portail GBIF, et possède l'UUID GBIF suivante : eacc24b2-3315-4289-85dd-7192e59035b7.  Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility (TaiBIF) publie cette ressource, et est enregistré dans le GBIF comme éditeur de données avec l'approbation du Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility.

Mots-clé

Samplingevent

Contacts

Kwang-Tsao Shao

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica

No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist.

115201 Taipei

TW

zoskt@gate.sinica.edu.tw

https://ir.sinica.edu.tw/cris/rp/rp01371?locale=zh_TW

Yann-Huei Song

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica

No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang

115 Taipei

TW

Hsing-Juh Lin

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University

145 Xingda Rd., South Dist.

40227 Taichung

TW

hjlin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw

https://lifes.nchu.edu.tw/web/faculty/detail.php?lang=zh_tw&cid=1&id=1

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-7195

Lucia Severinghaus

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

National Park Association in Taiwan

2F., No. 20, Sec. 5, Roosevelt Rd., Wenshan Dist.

116059 Taipei

TW

zobbowl@gate.sinica.edu.tw

Hsueh-Wen Chang

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University

70 Lienhai Rd.

80424 Kaohsiung

TW

https://biology.nsysu.edu.tw/p/404-1182-15369.php?Lang=zh-tw

Tung-Yung Fan

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium

NO. 2 Houwan Road, Checheng

944401 Pingtung

TW

tyfan@nmmba.gov.tw

+88688825001, Ext. 2248

https://www.nmmba.gov.tw/research/RMenber_Content2.aspx?n=291A05EEDDA1D4C4&sms=CF7FFA69EB91FF61&s=A9DCC80FC8CC7601

Chang-Fu Hsieh

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University

No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd.

106 Taipei

TW

tnl@ntu.edu.tw

https://ecology.lifescience.ntu.edu.tw/doku.php/en/cfhsieh/start

I-Juunrn Cheng

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University

No.2, Beining Rd., Jhongjheng District

202301 Keelung

TW

b0107@mail.ntou.edu.tw

Kwee-Siong Tew

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University

NO. 2 Houwan Road, Checheng

944401 Pingtung

TW

tewks@nmmba.gov.tw

https://imb.ndhu.edu.tw/p/16-1016-74249.php?Lang=zh-tw

Wen-Tseng Lo

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

lowen@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

70 Lienhai Rd.

80424 Kaohsiung

TW

lowen@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

+88675252000, Ext. 5050

Keryea Soong

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University

70 Lienhai Rd.

Kaohsiung

TW

keryea@gmail.com

Yuh-Wen Chiu

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Graduate Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolution, National Dong Hwa University

NO. 2 Houwan Road, Checheng

944401 Pingtung

chiuywlab@gmail.com

https://biors.ncyu.edu.tw/ywchiou/

Tin-Yam Chan

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University

No.2, Beining Rd., Jhongjheng District

202301 Keelung

TW

tychan@mail.ntou.edu.tw

https://imb.ntou.edu.tw/p/412-1075-8543.php?Lang=zh-tw

Ching-I Peng

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica

No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist.

115201 Taipei

TW

Yu-Cheng Hsu

• Créateur ●
• Personne De Contact

Host of the project

National Dong Hwa University, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies

No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng

974301 Hualien

ycsheu@gms.ndhu.edu.tw

+88638903271, Ext. 3265

https://rc038.ndhu.edu.tw/p/404-1075-150849.php?Lang=zh-tw

I Fang

• Processeur

Assistant

Taiwan Biodiversity Research Institute

No. 1 Minsheng East Road, Jiji Town

552005 Nantou

TW

loufun52@gmail.com

Couverture géographique

The scope of this project encompasses Taiping Island and its surrounding waters. Taiping Island (Tagalog: Ligaw/Ligao; Vietnamese: Đảo Ba Bình), also referred to as Itu Aba Island, is located in the north-central part of the Spratly Islands (Chinese: Nansha Islands) in the South China Sea. It occupies the northwestern corner of Tizard Bank and is the largest naturally occurring island in the Spratly archipelago, measuring 1,360 m in length, 350 m in width, with a perimeter of 2,850 m, and an area of 0.49 square kilometers. Situated on the eastern side of a major maritime route in the western South China Sea, Taiping Island lies approximately 3.1 nautical miles (about 6 kilometers) east of Zhongzhou Reef, 7.1 nautical miles (about 13 kilometers) east of Sand Cay, and 16 nautical miles (about 30 kilometers) southwest of the Gaven Reefs.

Couverture taxonomique

Plankton, algae, plants, corals, invertebrates, fishes, and birds

Couverture temporelle

Données sur le projet

Pas de description disponible

Méthodes d'échantillonnage

This project focuses on multiple biological groups, employing distinct survey methods tailored to each group. 本計畫的研究對象包含多種生物類群，針對不同的類群設計不同的調查方法。

Description des étapes de la méthode:

1. Phytoplankton: The survey primarily investigated species composition, distribution density, and dominant species. Sampling followed the NIEA E505.50C water sampling methods formulated by the Ministry of Environment of Taiwan, with stations located south, southeast, and north of Taiping Island, and west of Zhongzhou Reef (same stations as coral reef surveys). At each station, 1 litre of seawater was collected at approximately 0.5-metr depth using a water sampler, preserved with 1% formalin in wide-mouth plastic bottles, and brought back to the laboratory for analysis. Concurrent hydrographic measurements included temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. In the laboratory, the 1-litre samples were homogenized, and then 100–200 mL subsamples were filtered through 0.45 µm pore-size glass fiber membranes under controlled pressure: initially at 50 kPa until the residual water reached about 0.5 cm height, and then at 12 kPa until complete drying. The filter membranes were mounted on glass slides with microscope immersion oil, air-dried until transparent, and covered with coverslips for microscopic analysis. Phytoplankton species composition and abundance were quantified under an optical microscope. This methodological approach facilitated the identification of diatoms and other taxonomic groups to the lowest practical taxonomic level. 浮游植物：主要為研究種類組成、分佈密度及優勢種。浮游植物的採集方法係參照環保署公告之NIEA E505.50C採水法，採集測站位在太平島的南方、東南方、北方和中洲礁的西方(圖6，與珊瑚礁調查測站相同)，採樣方式是在每一測站於約0.5米深處，以採水器採1公升的海水，放入廣口塑膠瓶中，再加1%福馬林予以固定並帶回實驗室中。調查同時並測量水文水質基本資料如溫度、鹽度、pH、及溶氧。在實驗室中，前述1公升之水樣混合均勻後，依過濾濃縮法以0.45 µm之微孔玻璃纖維濾膜過濾100 ml或200 ml水樣，並將壓力控制在50 kPa，當水樣剩下約0.5公分高度時，關掉抽氣幫浦，再將壓力降低至12 kPa繼續抽氣過濾至水乾。然後將載玻片標記好後用滴管滴2滴顯微鏡用浸油在玻片中央，再用鑷子將過濾後之濾膜夾起，放在載玻片之油滴上，再加2滴顯微鏡用浸油，置於無塵處，令其乾燥。待濾紙呈透明狀後，再加一滴顯微鏡用浸油後用蓋玻片蓋住，在光學顯微鏡下鑑定浮游植物之種類組成、個體數。型藻類的調查。
2. Marine plants survey in 2009: The survey conducted snorkeling-based field assessments within the 200-metre intertidal zone around Taiping Island to identify potential seagrass habitats. Seagrass specimens were collected, fixed with 10% formalin, and photographed in situ for ecological and morphological documentation. Percentage cover was quantified using a 30 × 30 cm quadrat photographed at each sampling site, with cover estimates calculated via the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's seagrass classification system (Handley et al., 2007). GPS coordinates were recorded for all sampling locations, and seagrass bed area was mapped accordingly. Specimens were preserved in formalin (seagrasses) or 95% ethanol (macroalgae). Dominant sessile macroalgae species were selectively sampled through visual identification of prevalent taxa. Substrate characteristics and habitat data were concurrently documented to contextualize seagrass distribution patterns. 海洋植物(2009)：太平島沿岸200 m內潮間帶以浮潛實地普查海草可能出現之區域，採集海草標本並固定，拍攝生態照與標本照，紀錄海草種類、棲地、草床面積與覆蓋度等資料，並以GPS定位。海草之覆蓋度的測量是以照相方式拍下30 x 30 cm樣框的海草分布情形，依據美國環境保護署(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)主導發展的海草分類系統分析(Handley et al.，2007)來估算海草覆蓋度，以百分比(%)表示。海草樣本以鏟子挖掘，採樣回來後隨即進行10%福馬林保存，海藻另外還有浸泡95%酒精之標本。固著性大型藻之採集以目視所見之優勢種為目標。
3. Marine plants survey in 2013: This study divided the area around Taiping Island into six sampling regions: southwest, south (east of the pier), southeast (near the old jetty), northwest, north, and northeast. Surveys were conducted for seagrass beds and macroalgae in each region. For the seagrass bed survey, all seagrass species within the sampling area were identified and complete specimens were collected. A 50 × 50 cm quadrat, subdivided into 25 smaller grids (10 × 10 cm each), was randomly placed within the sampling area. The coverage of seagrass in each small grid was categorized into six levels (0–5), representing coverage percentages of 0%, <6.25%, 6.25%–12.5%, 12.5%–25%, 25%–50%, and 50%–100%. The mean midpoint coverage across the 25 grids was calculated to represent the overall coverage for that quadrat, with more than 10 replicates per sampling region. Additionally, seagrass biomass was sampled from a 10 × 10 cm area using a shovel, and data on seagrass density and habitat characteristics were recorded. In the laboratory, seagrass samples were cleaned to remove sediment and epiphytes, dried at 60°C for 48 hours, and weighed to determine biomass (dry weight). Biomass and density per unit area were calculated. GPS coordinates marking the boundaries of seagrass distribution in each sampling region were recorded and later mapped using Google Maps and Image-Pro Plus version 4.5 software to delineate the distribution range and calculate the total area of seagrass beds around Taiping Island. For the macroalgae survey, three 50-metre transects were randomly established within each sampling area. Macroalgae species along the transects were identified, photographed, and their locations recorded. Unidentifiable macroalgae samples were collected, preserved in formalin, and brought back to the laboratory for further identification. 海洋植物(2013)：本研究沿著太平島的周圍，共劃分島西南、南(碼頭東方)、東南(舊棧橋)、西北、北、東北，共6個採樣區域，分別進行海草床與大型藻類的調查。1. 海草床調查：先普查樣區內的各種海草，並採集各種海草完整植株作為標本。另外以50 × 50 cm大樣框(共分為25個小方格，每個10 × 10 cm)於樣區內隨機丟擲，並將每個小方格中的覆蓋度定義為0~5種程度(0~5分別代表覆蓋度0%、< 6.25%、6.25%~12.5%、12.5%~25%、25%~50%及50%~100%)，最後平均25個小方格內的覆蓋度之中間值，即代表此大樣框中的覆蓋度，每個樣區10重複以上。同時以鏟子挖取其中10 × 10 cm範圍之海草生物量，並記錄各種海草植株密度與棲地樣貌。海草樣本攜回實驗室後，洗淨固著於海草植株上之泥沙顆粒與附生生物，將海草以60℃恆溫烘箱烘48小時，最後秤其生物量(乾重)，並計算海草單位面積生物量與植株密度。另外，各樣區調查時用GPS紀錄海草分布邊界的經緯度，回實驗室後將其標示於google地圖上，接著使用繪圖軟體Image-Pro Plus version 4.5繪製出海草床的分布範圍，並計算出太平島周圍海草床的分布面積。2. 大型藻調查：在樣區內隨機設置三條50 m的穿越線，在穿越線上搜尋大型藻的種類並拍照，同時記錄大型藻生長的位置。難以辨識的大型藻則採取樣本，以福馬林固定後保存，攜回實驗室鑑定。
4. Terrestrial plant survey: 1. Establishment of a Plant Inventory: A comprehensive inventory of plant species was established by referencing past records and conducting an exhaustive island-wide investigation. Due to the small size of Taiping Island, a thorough survey was feasible, focusing on pathways, beaches, grasslands, and wooded areas. 2. Plant Photography and Specimen Preparation: Plant species were photographed to document their morphology, key features, and floral or fruit characteristics. Following photography, herbaceous plants were collected whole, while woody plants were sampled with approximately 30 cm long branches. These specimens were pressed to create herbarium vouchers, and data on plant life forms, microhabitats, phenology, and GPS coordinates were recorded and archived in a database. The collected specimens are stored at the Biodiversity Research Museum of Academia Sinica. 陸域植物：1. 植物名錄建立：參考過去的調查紀錄，詳細進行全島植物種類調查。太平島因面積小，所以採全面性調查，主要是沿著島上小徑及沙灘進行研究，並進入草地及樹林區域調查。2. 植物拍照及標本製作：拍攝各種植物的植株形態、重要特徵及花果特寫。拍攝完成後，草本植物採集全株，木本植物採集長度約30公分的枝條，壓製成植物臘葉標本，並記錄植物的生活形態、微生育地、花果物候及GPS資訊，建檔於資料庫中，最後將標本蒐藏於中央研究院生物多樣性研究博物館中。
5. Marine invertebrate survey: The survey was conducted around Taiping Island on November 28 and 29, 2013. Diving surveys were performed at the southern, southeastern, and northern areas of the island during the day, while light-box traps were deployed near the pier at night to capture nocturnal invertebrates. 海洋無脊椎動物：本研究沿著太平島的周圍，2013年11月28日和29日在太平島的南邊、東南邊和北邊進行潛水調查，夜間則在碼頭旁邊放置燈箱誘捕器來補抓夜行性的無脊椎生物。
6. Coral survey: At each station, three 30-metre transects were established. Using an underwater digital camera (Canon G15) and a 35 × 35 cm photo frame, photographs were taken to record the benthic organisms and substrate along each transect. For each 35 × 35 cm quadrat photographed, the CPCe 3.5 software (Coral Point Count With Excel extensions, Kohler & Gill, 2006) was used to randomly identify 50 points, noting the benthic organisms and substrate beneath each point. The number of points for each benthic organism and substrate within each quadrat was counted, and their coverage percentages were calculated (Tkachenko et al., 2007). 珊瑚：在各測站拉設3條30公尺橫截線，然後利用水下數位相機(Canon G15)和35乘35公分的照相框架，照相記錄每條測線的底棲生物與基質，所拍攝的每個35乘35公分樣框，使用CPCe 3.5 (Coral Point Count With Excel extensions, Kohler & Gill, 2006)軟體，每個樣框記錄50 個隨機樣點其下的底棲生物和基質，計數各樣框內底棲生物和基質的樣點數和計算其覆蓋率(Tkachenko et al 2007)。
7. Crustacean survey: The survey was conducted from March 24 to March 27, 2014, over a period of four days. It involved four intertidal zone hand collections and six subtidal zone scuba diving collections. In the intertidal zone, collections were focused on two distinct habitats at stations A and A1, with A1 being a small pebble beach and the rest of the area being sandy. Hand collections were performed during the maximum low tide period for one hour each day. In the subtidal zone, scuba diving collections were conducted at stations B, B1, C, D, and E, with depths ranging from 6 to 30 metres and each dive lasting 50 minutes. During the collections, the abundance of all encountered species was categorized using the ACOR system (A: 15 or more individuals, C: 8–15 individuals, O: 2–8 individuals, R: 0–2 individuals). All crustacean specimens collected were photographed, identified, and preserved in 95% ethanol. 甲殼類：採樣調查期間為2014年3月24日至2014年3月27日，共4天，進行了4次潮間帶徒手採集及6次亞潮帶潛水採集。一、 潮間帶：因全島潮間帶地形，除樣區stn A1為小礫石灘，其他地區全為沙地，故潮間帶採集選在樣區stn A及stn A1兩種不同棲地進行。在每日最大乾潮期間至指定區域進行徒手採集，採集時間1小時。 二、 亞潮帶：在樣區stn B、stn B1、stn C、stn D、stn E以潛水方式進行採集，深度6–30米，每次潛水採集時間50分鐘。採集過程中同時以ACOR (A：15隻以上、C：15–8隻、O：8–2隻、R：0–2隻)來表示所有發現的種類數量。有實際採獲的甲殼類之標本皆拍照、鑑種，再以95%酒精保存。
8. Sea turtle survey: 1. Daytime Nesting Habitat Survey: On the first day of the expedition (November 28), a complete patrol of Taiping Island's beaches was conducted to identify green sea turtle nest locations and estimate the number of nests laid in the past month. This was achieved by observing the sand-covering characteristics left by nesting turtles. A handheld GPS device (GARMIN Dakota™ 20) was used to record the coordinates of nest locations, which were later mapped onto a Google Map of Taiping Island. The beaches were divided into nine zones (A–I) based on the positions of coastal bunkers, as defined by Cheng (2007). This allowed for an assessment of the spatial distribution of green sea turtle nests over the past month. 2. Nighttime Nesting Female Turtle Survey: During the survey period, nightly patrols were conducted at 8 PM and 11 PM along the island's beaches. If tracks or nesting activity were observed, measurements of the straight carapace length (SCL) and curved carapace length (CCL) of female turtles were taken, and their species were identified. Titanium tags were affixed to both rear flippers, and data on nesting behavior and location were recorded. A handheld night-vision camera (SONY HDR-PJ760V) was used to document nesting activities. If a turtle was actively laying eggs, researchers waited nearby until egg-laying and sand-covering were complete before taking measurements and tagging. The nest location was marked using a tagging device, and 30 eggs were randomly selected for measurement of diameter, weight, total clutch size, and nest depth. The eggs were then returned to the nest. If nests were located too close to the tide line, they were relocated to higher ground at the same depth to avoid damage from typhoons or high tides. In cases where hatchlings emerged during the survey, their size and weight were measured before being released into the wild on the same or following night patrol. 海龜：1. 日間產卵棲地調查：於登島第一日(11月28日)下午進行太平島全島的沙灘巡視，依據海龜產卵後的覆沙特性來判斷全島各沙灘的卵窩位置與近1個月以來的卵窩數量，並利用手持式衛星定位器( GARMIN Dakota TM 20)進行卵窩定位，待回實驗室後將所定位之卵窩位置座標標定於Google Map的太平島地圖中，並搭配Cheng於2007年利用太平島上沿岸碉堡的位置將沙灘劃分為9個區塊A~I中，由此可得知近一個月以來的太平島上之綠蠵龜產卵卵窩分布情況。2. 夜間產卵母龜調查：於登島調查期間，每晚 8 點、11 點至沙灘上進行環島巡視，若有發現爬痕，或發現母龜正在挖洞，則進行母龜背甲直線長(straight carapace length, SCL)及曲線長(curved carapace length, CCL)之測量、海龜種類判斷，此時也在母龜左右後肢各釘入一枚鈦合金的標，並紀錄母龜發現的位置與相關的產卵行為，最後利用具有夜視功能的手持式攝影機(SONY HDR-PJ760V)紀錄產卵母龜之影像。若母龜正在產卵，則在一旁靜候，並放入投標器標定卵窩位置，靜待母龜覆沙後開始進行體長的測量與鈦合金標的釘入，之後循著投標器找到卵窩位置並挖開，隨機選取 30 枚龜卵，測量直徑、重量並計算該窩總卵數、卵窩深度等資料完畢後，將卵窩埋回；若卵窩位置距潮線過近，為避免遭颱風侵襲及高潮時巨浪影響，便將卵窩移至高處，再埋入同一深度的沙層中。若在調查途中遇到小海龜孵化的情形，則量測滯留於卵窩中之稚龜的大小及體重，於當晚或是次晚夜巡時，進行野放。
9. Avian survey: The survey took place from March 20 to April 1, 2014, with the majority of this period spent traveling to and from Taiping Island. Actual on-island surveys occurred from March 24 to March 28, totaling five days. Given the island's small size, two surveyors employed a method of walking around the island to locate birds, conducting a daily circum-island survey. Upon finding birds, they identified species, counted individuals, noted locations, and attempted to capture images for documentation. In addition to the circum-island surveys, spare time was used for point observations in areas with higher bird activity to increase species records. The scientific names and classification of birds in this report follow the 2014 Taiwan Bird Checklist published by the Taiwan Wild Bird Federation (Yang et al., 2014). Since it was impossible to determine whether the same species recorded at different times were the same individuals, estimates of bird populations were based on the maximum number observed during a single sighting, with GPS coordinates recorded for each location. 鳥類：本次調查時間自2014年3月20日至4月1日，期間大多為往返太平島的船行時間。實際登島調查的時間是2014年3月24日至3月28日，共在島上停留5日。因島的面積很小，本計畫之兩位調查人員採用的調查方法是在島上四處行走尋找，每日進行一次環島調查，找到鳥後鑑定鳥種、數量、出現位置，及設法拍攝影像紀錄。除環島調查外，並利用剩餘時間，在鳥類出現較多的地區進行定點觀察，以增加紀錄的鳥種。本報告之鳥類學名和分類，以中華民國野鳥學會所公佈之2014年台灣鳥類名錄為準（楊玉祥等2014）。由於無法判斷不同時間所紀錄的同種鳥類是否為同一個體，所以在鳥種的估算上，以同一次觀察所紀錄到的最大數量為依據，並以此地點的座標做為發現地點。

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